Environmental stressors perceived by patients in the surgical Environmental stressors perceived by patients in the surgical intensive care unit and their level of satisfaction with nursing care intensive care unit and their level of satisfaction with nursing care

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine environmental stressors perceived by patients in the surgical intensive care unit and their level of satisfaction with nursing care. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used in this study. Methods: This study was conducted between January 2019 and June 2019 with 120 patients who were hospitalised in the surgical intensive care unit. Data collection was via a patient information form, the Intensive Care Unit Environmental Stressor Scale (ICUESS) and the Experiences of Nursing Care Scale (ENCS) component of the Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Scales (NSNS). Findings: The mean ICUESS score was found to be 76.30 ±11.18. The main stressors perceived by the patients in the surgical intensive care unit were being in pain, being thirsty and sleeplessness. The ENCS mean score was 81.05 ±9.03. Conclusion: The mean score of the ICUESS of patients was moderate and the mean score of the ENCS was good. There was a statistically significant, negative and moderate correlation between the ICUESS score and the ENCS score.


Introduction
Being sick and being hospitalised causes anxiety and stress in the individual 1,2 .Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) experience more of this anxiety and stress 3 due to the physical environment of the ICU, the technological devices used, the way the ICU functions and the special treatment methods applied.While technological developments increase treatment opportunities and the quality of life for patients, environmental stressors can adversely affect the quality of life 4 .The opportunities for diagnosis, follow-up and treatment of lifethreatening diseases have increased, thanks to developments and changes in health care technology, but patients have been exposed to negative environmental stressors during their stay in intensive care 1 .Stressors in the intensive care environment are defined as physical, physiological and environmental 5,6 .It is known that environmental factors play a large role in increasing or decreasing the patient's stress 4,7 .
Environmental stressors that patients frequently encounter are: invasive interventions, deterioration of the perception of day/night, extreme heat or cold, fear/anxiety, being separated from the family, inability to fulfil their role in the family, loneliness, lack of privacy, disturbing images and smells 2,6,[8][9][10] .Nurses need to identify the stressors perceived by patients, take precautions against the stressors, evaluate patient reactions to stressful situations and plan care accordingly 1,4,11 .
Excessive noise, light, excessive mobility or the opposite, inactivity and monotonous sounds in the intensive care unit cause psychosocial problems (such as sensory deprivation or overload) in patients 5,12 .Health care professionals knowing the environmental factors that cause stress in patients treated in the ICU and taking necessary precautions in this regard will positively affect the healing process of the patients 12 .
It is recommended that environmental stressors in the ICU are identified in order to minimise them (for example, by providing patient comfort and privacy, reducing light and noise and relieving pain), and to enable patients to cope with the stress factors they experience 4 .Also, it is stated that patients having bad experiences in the ICU reduces their satisfaction with nursing care 11 .Accounting for the factors affecting satisfaction with nursing care enables patients to adapt to treatment, feel valued and increase their health-enhancing behaviors 13 .Determining the environmental stressors perceived by patients in the intensive care unit and their effects on the patients is important in terms of reducing the negative effects of the ICU and planning initiatives and nursing care to create an appropriate environment.This research was conducted to determine the environmental stressors perceived by patients in the surgical ICU and their satisfaction levels concerning nursing.
The following research questions were developed.

Study population
Patients who were over the age of 18, had no communication problems, were conscious, had been in the ICU for 24-72 hours and volunteered to participate in the study were included in the scope of the research.As delirium develops after 72 hours in the ICU, patients whose stay exceeded this period were not included in the study.

Data collection
Data was collected using a personal information form, the Intensive Care Unit Environmental Stressors Scale (ICUESS) and the Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Scales (NSNS).

Personal information form
The form was prepared by the researcher as a result of the literature review and consisted of 25 questions about sociodemographic characteristics and illness.

Intensive Care Unit Environmental Stressor Scale (ICUESS)
This tool was developed by Ballard 14 to identify the stressors perceived by patients treated in intensive care units and its validity and reliability in Turkish were determined by Aslan and Cinar 15 .The scale is a four-point Likert-type scale consisting of 42 items.The minimum score to be obtained from the scale is 42 and the maximum is 168 points.Higher scores indicate higher rates of patient exposure to environmental stressors 12,15,16 .In the study conducted by Aslan and Cinar the Cronbach alpha coefficient was found to be 0.94 14 whereas in this study the Cronbach alpha coefficient was found to be 0.72.

Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Scale (NSNS)
This tool was developed by Thomas et al. 17 and its validity and reliability in Turkish was conducted by Uzun (2003) 18 .The NSNS consists of two scales -the Experiences of Nursing Care Scale (ENCS) and the Satisfaction with Nursing Care Scale (SNCS).These scales can be applied together or separately.In this research, only the ENCS was applied as the items in this scale were considered to be more suitable for intensive care patients.The ENCS is a seven-point Likert-type scale consisting of 26 items.After the scores of all items in the scale are added, they are converted to 100 and an evaluation is made over 0 to 100 points.A total score of 100 indicates that the experience of nursing care is at the best level 18,19 .In the study conducted by Uzun the Cronbach alpha coefficient was found to be 0.75 18 .In this study, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was found to be 0.89.

Implementation of research
Between January and June 2019, patients who met the research criteria were informed about the purpose of the research.Researchers collected data using face-to-face interviews after the patients were taken from the ICU to the clinic (i.e. when patients completed their ICU journey).Interviews lasted an average of 15 minutes.

Data analysis
The data obtained from the research was analysed using the software SPSS for Windows.The results were expressed as number (percentage), mean and standard deviation (±sd).Since the data did not show normal distribution, continuous measurements were evaluated with nonparametric tests; Spearman correlation, Mann Whitney U and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used.The value of P<0.05 was considered the statistical significance limit.

Ethical considerations
The research was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee.
Written permission was obtained from the institution where the study was carried out.Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.This study was performed according to the Helsinki Declaration.

Patient descriptive characteristics
The average age of patients participating in the study was 58.24±13.53(min.

Discussion
Nursing care involves treating the patient as a whole with their physical, psychological and social aspects.However, since the condition of patients in the ICU is critical and requires urgency, physiological care can be prioritised and psychological care of patients can be ignored 20 .However, determining the presence and level of influence of stressors that can cause anxiety, fear, depression and negative health behaviors in the care and rehabilitation of patients during the intensive care process is important in determining care need 20,21 .
In this study, the average ICUESS score of patients was 76.30±11.18.This result shows that the participating patients' perception of stressors was below average.Intensive care patients' low perception of stress may be due to an inability to remember the surrounding events clearly, not wanting to remember the experience they went through and not wanting to come across as a complaining patient 16 .
The averages of total ICUESS scores in similar studies were examined and found to be 69.26±21.84by Tezcan Karadeniz and Kanan  These results show that patients receiving treatment in the ICU perceive different levels of stress.The difference between studies is thought to be due to the fact that studies have been conducted in different intensive care units and involved patients with different diagnoses.
In this study, no statistically significant relationship was found between the ICUESS total score and any of the descriptive patient characteristics (age, gender, marital status, educational status, occupation, smoking status, place of residence and household members).There was also no statistically significant relationship between the ICUESS total score and other characteristics investigated (whether or not the patient had chronic disease, took medication, had previously been hospitalised, had previously been admitted to the ICU, could take oral nutrition, had previous experience of mechanical ventilation or had visitors).In addition, no statistically significant relationship was found between ICUESS total score and length of stay in ICU or duration of mechanical ventilation.In contrast, in Şahin and Köçkar's study on the environmental stressors perceived by patients hospitalised in the surgical ICU 20 , the researchers found that age (specifically the 31-50 age range), educational status, marital status, absence of chronic illness, length of stay in the ICU and patient status regarding previous admission to the ICU significantly affected the scale's average score.Research into cardiovascular surgery ICUs conducted by Yaman Aktaș et al. 6 , determined that age, gender, marital status and educational status did not significantly affect the average total score.
In this research, the averages of the total ICUESS score of the patients in the cardiovascular surgery ICU were higher than for the patients in the general surgery ICU (p<0.05).In cardiovascular surgery patients, the symbolic meaning and importance of the heart and the fear of intervention with the heart cause fear of death, while the process of being connected to and disconnected from the mechanical ventilator, implantable cardiac defibrillators and incisions for catheters and drains increase the risk of anxiety 22 .The difference between the two clinics is thought to be due to these reasons.
In this study, the stressor with the highest mean score was 'being in pain'.This is consistent with most other similar studies 3,6,8,16,20,23 .Factors that can cause pain in patients include the disease requiring intensive care, various invasive and non-invasive interventions, treatment and care initiatives, aspiration processes, dressing changes, prolonged inactivity and aspects of surgery -the operation area, its duration, characteristics and the type of incision -as well as patient transfer.Frequent pain is expressed by many patients in intensive care from mild to severe 21,24 .Sleep disturbance, anxiety and delirium may develop in patients due to increased release of endogenous catecholamine following painful inductions 6 .Pain is an important factor of suffering, affects the quality of life and jeopardises the physical and psychosocial state 21 ; therefore, accurate diagnosis of pain by intensive care nurses and ensuring effective pain management can be useful in providing quality care 6 .
The stressor with the second highest mean score was 'not being able to drink water'.Thirst was perceived by patients as the most important stressor in the study by Gultekin et al. 9 conducted in the general surgery and anesthesia and reanimation intensive care unit.In Sahin and Kockar's study 20 and the study by Candan Donmez et al 16 , thirst was perceived as the third most important stressor.In the study of Zaybak and Cevik 2 , thirst was determined as a low-level stressor 2 .It is thought that thirst is among the most highly rated stressors because patients hospitalised in the intensive care unit may be dehydrated due to the treatment process 16 .
In this study, the stressor with the third highest mean score was 'not being able to sleep'.Insomnia was found to be the second most important stressor by Yaman Aktas et al. 6 , and the fourth most important stressor by Candan Donmez et al. 16 .Factors that cause sleep disorders in patients include type and severity of the underlying disease, the pathophysiology of the acute disease, a patient's sleep habits, pain, exposure to light for 24 hours, noise, nursing interventions, unpleasant odors, mechanical ventilation incompatibility, aspiration, lying in a position, loss of privacy, being away from the family and fear of death 1,25 .The noise level in the intensive care unit is twice that recommended by international guidelines 26 .Since sleep deprivation may prolong illness, delay recovery and cause confusion in intensive care patients, it is important to plan interventions to avoid sleep deprivation 6 .Given the stronger influence of environmental factors, the use of earplugs or sleep masks is recommended 26 .
The ENCS total score in this study was 81.05±9.03and the satisfaction was assessed as high.In many studies that evaluated the level of satisfaction of patients hospitalised in different clinics, it was found that patients were moderately to highly satisfied with the nursing care they received 19,27,28 .In this study, no statistically significant correlation (p>0.05) was found between the total ICUESS score and either length of stay in the intensive care unit or the duration of being on the mechanical ventilation.Similarly, Dias et al. found that the length of stay in the ICU did not significantly affect the score of environmental stressors 8 .It has been suggested that prolonged stay in the intensive care unit may reduce patients' rating of environmental stressors as patients become accustomed to procedures and the intensive care environment 20 .
This study found that environmental stressors in the ICU negatively affected the level of satisfaction of patients with nursing care.Similarly, in the study conducted by Zengin et al. 11 , it was found that as the stressors increased the patients' perception of their ICU experience was negatively affected and satisfaction with nursing care decreased.ICUs provide services for treating individuals with medical and surgical diseases and contain a large number of technological devices.Patients in ICU face many physical and psychosocial stressors both because of the environment they are in and because of the surgical procedure they have had 21 .As a result, ICU patients face problems such as sleep disturbances, thirst, pain, inability to distinguish day and night, impaired perception, anxiety and fear 2,20 .Therefore, we think that as the environmental stressors perceived by the patient increase, their satisfaction with nursing care decreases.
Identifying environmental stressors in intensive care patients and making plans to eliminate those stressors will contribute positively to the treatment process.

Limitations
The results of this study cannot be generalised to the whole surgical ICU patient population in Turkey, as the study was conducted in only one state hospital.

Conclusions
This study found that the environmental stressor levels perceived by patients in the surgical ICU were below average.Being in pain was the stressor with the highest mean score, followed by not being able to drink water and not being able to sleep.Patient satisfaction levels with nursing care were found to be high.It was determined that environmental stressors in the intensive care unit negatively affected the satisfaction levels of patients with nursing care.
In line with these results, it is recommended that nurses thoroughly evaluate potential sources of patient stress in the ICU and take these stressors into account when arranging the patient's environment.
Also, nurses should constantly evaluate the level of satisfaction of patients with nursing care and make necessary plans to increase satisfaction.

Table 2 :
The average distributions of Intensive Care Unit Environmental Stressor Scale (ICUESS) and Experiences of Nursing Care Scale (ENCS) scores according to the descriptive characteristics of the patients Notes: Z= Mann Whitney U, KW= Kruskal-Wallis Test,

Table 3 :
The average distributions of Intensive Care Unit Environmental Stressor Scale (ICUESS) and Experiences of Nursing Care Scale (ENCS) scores according to patient characteristics and clinic type

Table 4 :
The relationship between patient age, length of stay in ICU, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICUESS total score and ENCS total score